Vienna assumes control of Hungary's affairs, with Transylvania considered a separate province. A 1703 rebellion by Ferenc Rákóczi is ended after eight years with the Treaty of Szatmár (1711), which indicated that Hungary was willing to be incorporated into a unified empire. The Pragmatic Sanction (1723) specified that the Habsburg monarch agreed to rule Hungary as a king subject to Hungary's constitution and laws. Joseph the II attempts numerous reforms yet the nobles resist. Royal absolutism continues until 1848 when revolution breaks out and Old Hungary is effectively dead. Hungary declares independence in April 1849. The 31 April Laws creates a new constitution that is not highly regarded, and a second revolution breaks out in September. The war is lost in October when the Habsburgs reassert themselves under Francis Joseph with the help of the Russians. When Austria is defeated by Prussia in 1866, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and thus the Dual Monarchy, is created.